A threat vector—also known as an attack vector—is the specific method, pathway, or mechanism that cybercriminals use to gain unauthorized access to computer systems, networks, or data. Think of threat vectors as the routes or entry points that attackers exploit to infiltrate digital environments, similar to how a city has multiple roads, bridges, or tunnels that could be used to enter it.
How Threat Vectors Work
Threat vectors are employed by a wide range of adversaries, including individual hackers, disgruntled employees, hacktivists, organized crime groups, and state-sponsored actors. Once a threat vector is successfully exploited, attackers can:
• Steal sensitive information (e.g., login credentials, financial data, personal information)
• Install malware or ransomware
• Disrupt or damage systems
• Take control of compromised systems for further attacks
Types of Threat Vectors
Threat vectors can be broadly categorized into two types:
• Passive Threat Vectors: These involve gaining access or gathering information without actively disrupting system resources. Examples include eavesdropping, traffic analysis, phishing, baiting, and other social engineering tactics.
• Active Threat Vectors: These are more aggressive and involve altering or damaging system operations. Examples include deploying malware, ransomware, exploiting software vulnerabilities, password cracking, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, and man-in-the-middle attacks.
Common Examples of Threat Vectors
• Phishing emails and social engineering
• Malware and ransomware
• Exploiting unpatched software vulnerabilities
• Credential stuffing and brute force attacks
• Compromised or weak passwords
• Malicious websites and downloads
• Insider threats (e.g., disgruntled employees)
• Network-based attacks (e.g., man-in-the-middle, DoS)